What Is COPD?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems — is a slowly progressive disease of the airways that eventually leads to a gradual loss of lung function. COPD describes two related lung diseases: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Many persons with COPD have both of these conditions.

What Causes COPD?

Smoking is responsible for the majority (80% - 90%) of COPD cases, but there are several factors that can put people at risk, such as air pollution, inhaling large amounts of dust, and even family history of the disease.

Workers with certain jobs, especially those involving high concentrations of dust and irritating fumes, such as coal miners, grain handlers, and metal molders, are at high risk of developing this disease. Chronic bronchitis symptoms worsen when atmospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants increase. These symptoms are intensified when individuals also smoke.

How Does COPD Progress?

COPD gradually worsens over time. At first there may be only a mild shortness of breath and occasional coughing. Then a chronic cough develops with clear, colorless sputum. As the disease progresses, the cough becomes more frequent and greater effort is needed to breathe. In later stages of the disease, the heart and other body organs and tissues may be affected as a result of deteriorated lung function.

How Can COPD Be Prevented?

Early detection of COPD might alter its course and progression. A simple test can be used to measure pulmonary function and detect COPD in current and former smokers aged 45 years and older and in anyone with respiratory problems. Avoiding tobacco smoke, home and workplace air pollutants, and respiratory infections are key to preventing the initial development of COPD.

How Is COPD Treated?

Treatment of COPD requires a careful and thorough evaluation by a physician. The most important aspect of treatment is avoiding tobacco smoke and removing other air pollutants from the home or workplace. Symptoms such as coughing or wheezing can be treated with medication. Respiratory infections should be treated with antibiotics, if appropriate. Patients who have low blood oxygen levels in their blood are often given supplemental oxygen.